Many changes took place in the life of man during the Neolithic period. During this period, humans had started to settle down permanently after renouncing their nomadic life. Agriculture and animal husbandry became their main occupation. The invention of fire and wheel had removed many difficulties in his life. During this period people started wearing cotton and woolen clothes. The pottery made by them was as beautiful as before. Gradually they started taking interest in art as well and who now started cooking and eating food.
MAIN FEATURE OF PALEOLITHIC CULTURE......
The beginning of the Paleolithic Age is believed to be about 2.5 million years ago. The development of the Palaeolithic civilization inside India took place in the Ice Age. The main centers of this era within India were the Son river valley of Punjab, Belan valley of Uttar Pradesh, Kurnool in Andhra Pradesh, Bhopal in Madhya Pradesh, Sabarmati in Gujarat and the places of Paleolithic age in Maharashtra. This era is divided into three parts due to the use of stones by humans and changes in climate. The Early or Lower Palaeolithic Age (2500000 BC to 100000 BC), the second Middle Paleolithic Age (100000 BC to 4000 BC) and the third and final Upper Paleolithic Age (40000 BC to 10000 BC).The main features of the Paleolithic Age are as follows.
1.TOOLS
In the Palaeolithic age, humans lived like animals. They had made a few weapons to kill wild animals. Due to which he was able to hunt them. All these weapons were made of stone, the main weapons in these weapons included axes, lances, spears, knives and some peeling, cutting and digging tools were also included. were very indecent to look strong.
2. RELIGIOUS BELIEFS
There is a difference of opinion among historians regarding the religious beliefs of the Palaeolithic period, some experts believe that. There was no religious sentiment in the heart of the people of that time. But some historians also believe that. At that time, tools etc. were also kept with them while burying the dead bodies after the death of humans. From this it is clear that he believed in life after death.
3. LIFE
In this period man did not live in one place. He used to roam around in search of food. To protect them from wild animals, they started living in small groups. He did not stay in one place for a long time. Wherever he got food, he would make that place his abode. And when he felt like leaving that place, he goes to another place.
4. DWELLING
In the Palaeolithic period, man did not know how to build a house. To escape the cold and rain, he took refuge in mountain caves or lived under a tree. At times, he used to protect himself from the leaves of the tree to avoid the winter.
5.CLOTHING AND FOOD
In this age man did not know anything about animal husbandry and agriculture. Therefore, he depended on the roots and fruits obtained from nature for his living. He also used to kill small animals and birds and eat their raw meat.
If it is a matter of dress. In this age man lived in a naked state. To avoid heat and cold, he used the bark of trees and animals and skins of animals. Gradually women and men also started wearing ornaments, these ornaments were made of stone and bones.
MAIN FEATURES OF MESOLITHIC CULTURE.......
With the end of the Ice Age around 9000 BC, the Palaeolithic period in India also came to an end. After this the Mesolithic period began. During this period human civilization gradually started moving towards development. The culture of the Mesolithic period lasted from 9000 BC to 4000 BC. Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Mysore, Punjab, Gujarat etc. were famous centers of Mesolithic period in the state.
In the Mesolithic period, man made different types of tools to meet his needs. During the excavation, most of these tools have been found with sharp edge and sharp edge, which were used to cut or rip something. Instead of before, now they have changed their way of living and eating. Now in addition to caves, they started living by putting their temporary huts on the flat parts of the mountains and on the banks of the rivers. His huts were made of dry grass and he always lived in herds.
When it comes to food and drink. The people of the Mesolithic period used to hunt animals and eat their meat. They used to hunt cow, buffalo, horse, bull, sheep, goat etc. He even used to consume fish. But they still did not know about the fire. That's why he used to eat only raw meat.
Some scientists also believe that the people of the Mesolithic period were also fond of ornaments. Both men and women wore jewellery. These ornaments were made of stone and bones. To protect themselves from heat and cold, they used to protect themselves with animal skins and tree barks on their bodies. During this period, humans started systematically burying dead bodies.
MAIN FEATURES OF NEOLITHIC CULTURE......
Many important changes took place in human life during the Neolithic period. Which proves that humans learned to live their lives properly during this period. In other parts of the world, the Neolithic period started around 9000 BC. But some historians believe that. It started in India in 7000 BC, in India this culture continued till 2500 BC. The major centers of Neolithic period in India are located at Chirand in Bihar, Garo in Meghalaya, Payyampalli in Tamil Nadu, Piklihal in Karnataka, Jalilpar in Punjab, Allahabad and many places in Rajasthan.
1.DWELLINGS
The most important feature of the Neolithic period was that during this period man gave up his nomadic life and started living in his home permanently. Now he did not wander here and there like before. He had his own residence. After adopting the work of agriculture, it became necessary for them to stay at one place. They built their huts or houses with the help of mud and mud bricks and gradually these groups started turning into tribes and then gradually these tribes took the form of villages.
2. CLOTHING PF THE PEOPLE OF THE NEOLITHIC PERIOD
In the Neolithic period, man started using different types of things to cover his body, he started wearing clothes made of cotton and wool. As in the Mesolithic period, men and women continued to use ornaments made of stones and bones as before. Where ornaments used to make them more attractive and beautiful.
3. AGRICULTURE
During this period man started doing agriculture, there is no doubt that in this period man had achieved many important achievements. In the beginning, they started farming with tools made of stone. Later he also started using the plow for plowing the field. Their main crops were wheat, barley, maize and rice etc.
4. DOMESTICATION OF ANIMALS
Before the Neolithic period, humans used to kill animals and eat meat. But in the Neolithic period, they started to realize that this animal was very beneficial for them. So he started rearing animals. In the Neolithic period, animals such as dogs, cows, bulls, horses, sheep and goats were started rearing. Some scientists believe that the dog may have been the first animal that humans bred to aid in hunting. These animals were not only bred to obtain milk and meat from these animals, but they were also used in agriculture and transport work.
5. DISCOVERY OF WHEEL
The invention of the wheel found in the Neolithic period is considered to be the most important revolutionary change in human life. The wheel was first used to make utensils in the form of chalk. At first, potters used to make pottery with their hands. But now with the help of chalk, beautiful and shapely shaped utensils started making. which looked like a wheel. The wheel was also used as a weaver's spinning wheel. Due to this it became very easy to spin cotton now. During this period the wheel was also used to pull the cart. So that man could easily carry respect from one place to another.
6. POTTERY
Before the Neolithic period, man did not have any knowledge about utensils. But by the end of the Mesolithic period, humans started making raw clay pots. But in the Neolithic period, humans started cooking a fine pottery made of clay in the fire. Due to which he became strong. The potters had started making very beautiful and shapely utensils with the help of chalk in this period instead of earlier and at the same time started painting on them. Due to which the utensils looked even more beautiful. These paintings were made of humans and animals and birds. These clay pots were called pottery.
7. DISCOVERY OF FIRE
Before the Neolithic period, man did not know about fire at all, but the invention of fire was a very important achievement of the Neolithic man. He had acquired the knowledge of fire by rubbing two stones, with the help of fire, now he started eating food and meat by cooking it. They used fire mainly to dispel darkness, to protect themselves from cold, to scare wild animals, to make pottery and to make fine tools. In fact the invention of fire changed the life of man. Fire is considered the most important discovery of the Neolithic period.
8. RELIGIOUS BELIEFS
In the Neolithic period, people started believing in witchcraft, they started worshiping the natural forces like sun, moon, stars, trees and mountains. In this period, dead bodies were buried according to the rituals and monuments were built over the grave. From which it appears that he used to worship his ancestors. He believed in life again after death. In the Neolithic period, people also started sacrificing animals to please their gods and goddesses. Some scientists believe that he used to sacrifice males earlier.
written by sonu dixit
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